Comparing the performance of historical and regular stone pavement structures through Finite Element Method
Authors: Nicholas Fiorentini, Jiandong Huang, Giacomo Cuciniello, Pietro Leandri and Massimo Losa		 Italy
Abstract View Paper
Stone pavement structures (SPS), also known as stone roads or stone-paved roads, are road pavements constructed using stones as the primary surface material. Different types of SPS exist; historically, irregular-shaped stones with downward protrusions have been often exploited since regular-shaped stones were difficult to be produced. More recently, regular cuboid stones can be also used.
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Accordingly, in new construction and renovations of SPS, pavement designers must take an essential decision concerning the adoption of historical or regular stones. Nonetheless, it is often confusing which of the two types of stones should be employed, considering that historical and regular SPS follow the same theory and pavement design methods. Therefore, a comparison between the performance of these two types of SPS is required to support their design and maintenance. Moreover, SPS are limitedly investigated and, to the best of our knowledge, there are no research contributions that address this specific task. Accordingly, in the present study, after conducting a laboratory characterization and in situ structural survey by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) on a SPS, a comparative analysis based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) was carried out for investigating the structural performance of the historical (H-SPS) and regular SPS (R-SPS) in urban trafficked areas, where SPS must withstand heavy traffic loads. Specifically, considering both typologies of SPS, the paper aims to model and investigate: (a) the mechanical behavior under loading (displacements, stress, and strain distribution), (b) failure criteria (stone warpage and separation between the stones and the mortar joint), (c) the joint efficiency between stones, and (d) to which extent the road subgrade stiffness may influence the performance of SPS. In addition to the pavement design perspective, the research also provides a short glance at the strengths and weaknesses of R-SPS and H-SPS from other sides, such as functionality, ease of maintenance, construction techniques, and cultural and historical values.

Keywords: stone pavement structures; historical pavements; finite element method; FEM; simulation; mechanical behavior; pavement design.
Nicholas Fiorentini
Nicholas Fiorentini, The research of Nicholas involves the prediction and mapping of infrastructure deficiencies using Machine Learning, Geographic Information Systems, and Non-Destructive High-Performance Techniques, such as InSAR, FWD, and GPR. Also, Nicholas is interested in road safety analyses & modeling, crash frequency & crash severity prediction, and pavement management.
 
 
Jiandong Huang
Professor Jiandong Huang earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Fudan University, Shanghai and went to the United States through the CUSBEA* programme to pursue his doctoral study in transcriptional regulation during fruit fly embryonic pattern formation. He earned his PhD degree from the University of California, Los Angeles. Thereafter, Professor Huang received his postdoctoral training in mouse genetics at National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in the US. During this period, Professor Huang was the first to report that the two major intracellular transportation systems of mammalian cells, the
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microtubule- and actin-filament-based system, directly interact with each other through their motor proteins, kinesin and myosin. Later, he established his own laboratory at The University of Hong Kong. Professor Huang is now Chair Professor of Synthetic Biology and the L & T Charitable Foundation Professor in Biomedical Sciences in the School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong.
Giacomo Cuciniello
Giacomo Cuciniello currently works at the Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, University of Nottingham. Giacomo does research in Railway Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Civil Engineering.
 
 
 
Pietro Leandri
Associate Professor for the scientific disciplinary field ICAR/04 (Roads, Railways and Airports) at the Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa. Research activities carried out mainly in the areas of the topics concerning the study of innovative materials for use in sustainable pavements, modeling of the mechanical response of road superstructure, characterization of mixtures for flexible pavements, study of surface characteristics of road surfaces and effects on vehicle
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motion, development of environmentally friendly road surfaces with low noise emission, rheological characterization of bituminous mastics containing milled pavement, and analysis of the resilience of transportation infrastructure. These activities are documented by more than 50 scientific publications in international journals and proceedings of national and international conferences. Research activities have been carried out within the framework of research projects and third-party agreements entered into by the Department of affiliation, often aimed at solving concrete problems, actively participating in the experimental activities carried out.
Massimo Losa
Associate Professor at the Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering of the University of Pisa. Scientific disciplinary sector: Roads, Railways and Airports ICAR/04
On 12.28.1994 he took up service as a university researcher of the disciplinary group H03X (Roads, railways and airports) at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Pisa.
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Confirmation in the role of researcher: on 12/28/1997, he completed three years of effective service in the role of researcher and in March 1998 he passed the confirmation assessment.
In 2000 he participated in the comparative evaluation procedure for a position as associate professor in the S.S.D. H03X at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Cagliari, proving suitable.
On 01.10.2001, he took up service at the Faculty of Engineering of Pisa as a full professor in the S.S.D. ICAR/04, belonging to the Department of Civil Engineering.
On 01/10/2004, he completed three years of effective service in the role of associate professors; in July 2005 he passed the confirmation test and was placed in the role of confirmed second level university professor, with a retroactive expiry from 01/10/2004.
Winner of “Le Strade Award 2007 for the best paper of Session A (Road and Airport Infrastructures)” 4th International SIIV Congress, 12-14 September 2007.
Wander effect of connected and autonomous vehicles on pavement performance
Authors: Jorge Pais, Paulo Pereira and Liseane Thives		 Portugal
Abstract View Paper
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) will change how road engineers design road pavements because they can position themselves within a traffic lane, keeping their position in the lane more precisely than human-driven vehicles. These vehicles will have lower lateral wandering, which can induce more damage to pavements, such as cracking and permanent deformation, than the conventional vehicles, with consequences for the infrastructures due to the increased cracking and reduced safety due to the rutting.
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Thus, it is essential to assess the wander effect on pavement performance to define policies for its implementation on CAV. This paper studies the impact of the lateral wander of the traffic on pavement performance, considering its fatigue and permanent deformation resistance. This impact can be used to define limits for the wander to minimize distresses on the pavement. The results of this study allow us to conclude that for a pavement with a 10 cm asphalt layer, the wander effect is more significant for fatigue life. A pavement life increase of 20% was observed for a wander of 0.2 m, while for 0.6 m, the fatigue life can increase up to 48%. For the permanent deformation, a pavement life increase of 2% for a wander of 0.2 m was observed, but for 0.6 m, the pavement life can be increased up to 34%.

Keywords: road pavements; connected and autonomous vehicles; wander; pavement performance.
Jorge Pais, Ph.D.
Jorge Pais is an Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Minho (UM) in Portugal. He received his Ph.D. degree from University of Minho in 1999 with a thesis on reflective cracking in flexible pavements. Before his current position, Dr. Pais worked as research assistant with the pavement research group at the UM. He holds Bachelor (1990) and Master (1993) degrees in Civil Engineering from University of Porto in Portugal. Since 2012 he has been head of the Department of Civil Engineering.
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Jorge Pais teaching areas include the Geometric Highway Design, Road Pavement Design and Railways Design undergraduate and post-graduate courses at the UM. In this context he has a pedagogical book for Geometric Highway Design.
Jorge Pais research areas include pavement materials design and characterization, advanced laboratory testing, field performance evaluation and maintenance and rehabilitation techniques. In the materials area, he has been involved in fatigue, reflective cracking, cracking propagation, asphalt rubber hot mixes characterization. Jorge Pais is currently the researcher and supervisor of several projects for public and private highways companies of road pavements. He successful supervised 7 (concluded) + 2 (on going) PhD students and 24 MSc students.
Jorge Pais is author or co-author of more than 190 papers in international and national journals and conferences, some of them cited by the ISI. He has been invited to review manuscripts from some international journals in road pavements area. He has been involved in several national research projects and participated in the organization of scientific events, mainly in the scientific committee of 36 conferences.
Jorge Pais is the author of two computer softwares for road pavement design: i) JPav computer software allows the computation of the stress/strain/displacements in road pavements for its design; ii) JPavBack computer software allows the back-calculation of road pavements based on the results of Falling Weight Deflectometer testing. Presently he is developing a computer program for the design of airport pavements (JPavAir).
Paulo Pereira, Ph.D. University of Minho, Portugal
Professor Paulo Pereira Present Position: Professor and Researcher of Transportation at the Department of Civil Engineering and research centre; Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction, University of Minho. Member of General Council of the University of Minho. Coordinator of the Interdisciplinary Platform UM-Cities of the University of Minho. Director of the research centre Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC). Education and Degrees: Aggregation, University of Minho, 1999; PhD in Civil Engineering, 1988, University of Minho; BSc in Civil Engineering, 1980, University of Porto.
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Topics of Research: Highway Engineering; Road Management Systems; Road Pavements Design; Asphalt Pavement Materials; Road Surface Characteristics; Road Safety; Urban Mobility. Lectures: Highway Engineering; Road Pavements; Road Pavements Management. Master and PhD supervision: Supervisor of 12 Master students and 12 PhD students.
Liseane Thives, Dr. University of Minho, Portugal
Dr. Liseane Thives has experience in Civil Engineering, focusing on roads, design, construction and transportation. She holds a Doctor degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Minho (Portugal). Her research topics are: transport, road pavements, stormwater harvesting, and waste management. She worked for 18 years on pavement sites. Since 2010 she is an Associate Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Civil Engineering. She supervises students at the master’s and doctoral level, has more than 40 articles published in indexed journals and more than 100 articles published in conferences.
 
Lessons learned from the Construction and Initial Performance of a Double Chip Seal wit Paving Mat Pilot Project
Authors: DingXin Cheng and Lerose Lane		 USA
Abstract View Paper
Single chip seals are used by many agencies to maintain or preserve their roadways. While the construction and performance of single chip seals can be easily found from literature, the construction of double chip seals with and without paving fabric or paving mats is still not common. This paper investigates four double chip seal strategies used in a pilot project constructed on US 395 in Inyo County, California, by Caltrans. Within the double chip seal project limits, eight Performance Evaluation Sections (PESs) using four treatment strategies were established for detailed performance monitoring and evaluation:
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1—a 3/8-inch asphalt rubber chip seal followed by a 1/4-inch PME chip seal without pavement-reinforcing fabric (PRF) or a paving mat as a control section; 2—a 3/8-inch PME chip seal over PRF, followed by a 1/4-inch PME chip seal; 3—a 3/8-inch PME chip seal over a paving mat, followed by a 1/4-inch PME chip seal; and 4—an asphalt rubber 3/8-inch chip seal over a paving mat, followed by a 1/4-inch PME chip seal. This pilot project was monitored during construction and evaluated 1 year later to help identify any construction issues and was used to improve the specifications and performance of Caltrans’ chip seals. This paper presents the initial findings following construction, and the one-year performance of the pilot project and lessons learned. The findings presented were accomplished by using these four treatment strategies on a highway with a very adverse high desert climate type and high traffic volumes. Project reviews are also planned for up to seven years to determine the long-term project performance.

Keywords: chip seals; double chip seals; asphalt rubber (type II); polymer-modified emulsion (PME); pavement-reinforcing fabric (PRF); paving mat.
DingXin Cheng, Ph.D., P.E. California State University, Chico
Director of California Pavement Preservation Center and Professor of California State University Chico. Professor Cheng is a graduate of Texas A&M University, College Station, Ph.D., Transportation and Pavement Material, 2002. University of Toledo, M.S., Geotechnical Engineering, 1999. Northeastern University, China, M.S., Rock Mechanics, 1994. Northeastern University, China, B.S., Civil Engineering, 1991. Professor Cheng teaches Transportation Engineering, Traffic Engineering, Pavement Design and Pavement Material, Soil Mechnics and Foundations. And developed Software: Two-Way Street Signal Progression Software.
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Graduation of Aggregates, Knowledge-based Database System for Soil Constitutive Properties. License Professional Engineer, Civil and Transportation, Texas Member of Institute of Transportation Engineers Honors and Awards: Sigma Xi – Scientific Research Society.
Lerose Lane
Education B. S. Civil Engineer, CSU, Chico (1970), UC Davis Ext. (1972-73).
Senior Pavement Preservation Engineer, CSU, Chico (2010 to Present), District Materials Engineer, Caltrans, District 2 (1998-2007), Branch Chief, Design R-2, Caltrans, District 2 (1994-1998), Senior Construction Engineer, Caltrans, District 2 (1991-1994), Resident Engineer, Caltrans, District 2 (1989-1991), Engineer, Range C, Design, Caltrans, District 2 (1988-1989), Associate Engineer, Design, Right of Way, Land Development, County of Tehama, Dept. of Public Works (1981-1988),
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Associate Engineer, Gillette-Harris-Duranceau Engineering, Yuba City, CA (1979-1981), Assistant Director of Public Works, City of Marysville (1978-1979), Part-time Computer Science Instructor, Yuba College, (1975-1978),
Junior Development Engineer, Water Science and Engineering, UC Davis, (1971-1973). Fields of Specialization: Pavement Materials and Materials Testing, Highway and Pavement Design, Highway Construction, Contract Administration and Field Practices